مطالب انگلیسی و پزشکی برای مطالعه شخصی
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Today we have two reports, both about children. We start in Sudan. Health officials are launching a campaign to vaccinate eight million children after a case of polio was reported there.
United Nations and Sudanese agencies will carry out the campaign this week and again in November. Sudan had been polio-free since two thousand five. The new case of wild polio virus was confirmed last month in South Darfur. Health officials also announced last month that Nigeria has had almost seventy new cases of polio since two thousand five. Those cases, however, were caused by the polio vaccine itself. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It can be frightening because if it goes untreated, it can lead to serious health problems. Syphilis is passed from person to person through direct contact with a syphilis sore. The bacteria can enter the body through the: This year's Nobel Prize in medicine will go to three researchers who found a way to learn about the duties of individual genes. They discovered how to inactivate, or knock out, single genes in laboratory animals. The result is known as "knockout mice." The Karolinska Institute named the winners last week. Two Americans, Mario
Capecchi and Oliver Smithies, will share the one and one-half million dollar prize with Martin Evans of Britain. They will receive what is officially called the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine at a ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden, on December tenth. In the nineteen eighties, Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies both studied cells in mice to find how to target individual genes for changes. But the kinds of cells they independently studied could not be used to create gene-targeted animals. Depression can cause long periods of sadness and hopelessness, feelings of low self-worth, even physical pain. It is the leading cause of suicide.
The World Health Organization says more than one hundred twenty million people worldwide suffer from depression. But many people may not know it can start at a young age. In the United States, for example, health officials estimate that about five percent of adolescents are depressed. Researchers in the United States have just reported on a study of more than three hundred patients ages twelve to seventeen. All suffered from major depression disorder, the most common form of the disease. Scientists continue to look for ways to deal with the deadly form of bird flu virus.
Researchers in Singapore, for example, have developed a new test for the h-five-n-one virus. They call it a "lab on a chip." If successfully marketed, the hand-held device could be used to look for cases in affected areas and help contain outbreaks. Project leader Juergen Pipper says medical or aid workers would know in less than half an hour if a person is infected. The device tests material collected from a quick swab of a person’s throat. The test uses magnetic force to control individual droplets containing added magnetic particles. The scientists say the droplet itself becomes a little laboratory that can do things like pump, separate and mix. On September ninth, American football player Kevin Everett of the Buffalo Bills tried to bring down an opponent. There seemed to be nothing unusual about what he did. The twenty-five-year-old Everett put his head down and, with his helmet, crashed into the other player to tackle him. But it was Kevin Everett who immediately went down. He had severely injured his spine. He could not move.
Even before an ambulance drove him to a hospital, doctors tried an experimental treatment to limit the damage. They wanted to prevent his spinal cord from swelling and destroying nerves. In the ambulance, the doctors injected cold saline, or salt water, into his blood system. This brought his body temperature down to about thirty-three degrees Celsius -- about four degrees below normal. This kind of treatment is sometimes called hypothermia therapy.
A nurse prepares a polio vaccination for a baby in the Otash refugee camp in South Darfur
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How do people get syphilis?
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Mario Capecchi holds a laboratory mouse
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Medical workers care for a bird flu patient in Medan, Indonesia, last year
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Kevin Everett of the National Football League's Buffalo Bills is moved off the field
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